N-gun ja ai wa a n-gun atsam hpaga lam hta ahkyak ai arung arai langai hku nna, refractory ceramics a hkrang shapraw ai tara gaw, arung arai ni a shimlum lam, daw jau ai lam a prat hte n-gun atsam hpe jai lang ai lam hte hkrak matut mahkai nga ai. Steel, glass, hte chemicals zawn re ai hpaga lam ni lawan ai hku rawt jat wa ai hte maren, grau nna jai lang ai makau grup yin ni a ra kadawn ai lam ni hpe hkap la lu na matu, n-gun n rawng ai ceramic ni a hkrang shapraw hpaji mung, galoi mung hpaji ningnan ni hpe shalat nga ai.
Refractory ceramic hpe hkrang shapraw ai lam gaw, arung arai hpaji masa a madung ningmu hpe madung tawn ai. Shi a madung daw ni gaw, alumina, silicate, silicon carbide zawn re ai, n-gun ja ai n-gun hte n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun ni hpe n-gun ja ai shara hta n-gun ja ai n-gun hte n-gun rawng ai n-gun ni hpe n-gun ja ai hku n-gun rawng hkra galaw ya lu ai. Design galaw ai shaloi, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal shock hpe ninghkap lu ai, n-gun shayawm ai nbung laru ni hpe myit yu ra ai, dai hku nna grai sawng ai nbung laru galai shai ai lam ni a npu hta n-gun n rawng ai (sh) n-gun n rawng ai hpe myit yu ra ai. Ga shadawn, crystal phase composition hte microstructure hpe gram lajang ai hku nna, dai arung arai a thermal shock hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam grai kaja wa lu ai, dai hku nna daw jau ai lam a prat hpe jat ya lu ai.
Structural design hte seng nna, refractory ceramic ni gaw, bungli galaw ai arung arai amyu myu a bungli masa ni hpe hkan sa ra ai. Ga shadawn, metallurgical hpaga lam hta, n-gun n rawng ai arung arai ni gaw, molten metals ni a n-gun yawm ai lam hte jak rung a akyu hpe hkam sharang lu na matu ra kadawn nga ai; glass kiln ni hta nga ai aten hta, shanhte gaw tsaw ai- ai n-gun n-gun hpe n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai hpe ninghkap ra ai. Dai majaw, n bung ai shara ni a bungli galaw ai lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ai hku nna, yawng hkra makawp maga ai lam hpe lu la na matu, hkrang shapraw ai hta composite layer structures (sh) gradient functional materials ni hpe lang ai. Dai hta n-ga, coating (sh) imregnation galaw ai lam zawn re ai ntsa lam hpe tsi lajang ai hpaji ni hpe mung grai lang nna, n-gun n-gun hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam hte n-gun hpe n-gun ja hkra galaw lu ai atsam hpe jat ya lu ai.
Kade nna ai aten hta, digital design ladat ni hpe jai lang ai lam gaw, n-gun n rawng ai ceramic ni hpe grau nna jat wa shangun ai. Computer simulation hpaji masa hku nna, engineer ni gaw, nbung katsi ai shara ni hta nga ai arung arai ni a akyang lailen hpe hkrak hkrak tau hkrau tsun dan lu nna, hkrang shapraw masing hpe grau kaja hkra galaw lu ai. Ndai lam gaw, arung arai ni a kam hpa mai ai lam hpe shatsaw ya ai sha n-ga, R&D manu hte aten hpe mung shayawm ya lu ai.
Htawm hpang de, green galaw shapraw ai lam hte n-gun hpe makawp maga na matu ra kadawn ai lam law wa ai hte maren, refractory ceramic ni hpe hkrang shapraw ai lam gaw, n-gun n law ai, n-gun n-gun- hpe hkye la ai lam hte grup yin hpe makawp maga ai lam ni hpe grau nna myit maju jung na re. Hpaji ningnan ni hte hkrang shapraw ai lam ni hku nna, refractory ceramics gaw, tsaw ai- aten ladaw bungli ni hpe atsawm sha galaw lu na matu, ngang kang ai garan gachyan ai lam ni hpe matut nna jaw ya na re.
